A-Z of Mental Health

Here you can find an enormous directory of all of the key terms, conditions, medicines, therapies and anything else that we feature on our website. You can click on the title for further information.

A

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT): Acceptance and Commitment therapy is closely-related to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, but instead of trying to improve thoughts, feelings and actions, ACT looks at changing patterns that seem to prevent us from living an enjoyable and desirable life. ACT can help treat several mental health conditions, with a focus on those who appear to be treatment-resistant. It is based on providing help for the present day.

Acute Stress Disorder: Acute Stress Disorder is an anxiety-based condition that can develop after an individual either witnesses or experiences a traumatic event. The condition shares many similarities with PTSD, with symptoms like flashbacks, withdrawal and nightmares common. However, Acute Stress Disorder is time-bound, and only relates to the first month after a traumatic event. If feelings persist for over a month, then an individual will normally be diagnosed with PTSD.

Adjustment Disorder: Adjustment Disorder is an anxiety-based condition that occurs when an individual is unable to adjust to or cope with a specific, identifiable stressor. The way someone reacts to this stressor is seen as abnormal, and more severe than what would normally be expected. However, this disruption will not exceed six months, for Adjustment Disorder to be diagnosed. The condition can cause significant distress in the aftermath of the stressor.

Agoraphobia: Agoraphobia is a common phobia that is associated with anxiety. Agoraphobia describes the fear of being in a situation where escape might be difficult. Agoraphobia is an example of a complex phobia – which has a marked effect on the life of an individual. They may struggle to leave their home, and is often linked to panic attacks.

Analgesics: Analgesics, also known as painkillers, are a class of medications that are primarily used to provide relief from physical pain. These medications include opioids – which are powerful painkillers like oxycodone and morphine, and non-opioids, such as paracetamol and ibuprofen. Analgesics can be used in some mental health conditions – mainly some Somatic Disorders.

Anorexia Nervosa: This condition involves an individual attempting to keep their weight as low as possible – normally by not eating enough food, or excessively exercising. The person may have intense self-esteem issues, distorted body image, and will commonly have a strong fear of obesity. As a result of trying to keep their weight as low as possible, they may develop ill health. Feelings of depression and anxiety are common.

Anticonvulsants (Mood Stabilisers): For those experiencing convulsions (fits), it may be necessary to take anticonvulsants. From a mental health perspective, these medicines are also mood stabilisers. Anticonvulsants, like Lamotrigine, Valproate and Lamotrigine, appear to work changing the levels of certain chemicals in the brain. In theory, this stops seizures occurring.

Antisocial Personality Disorder: Antisocial Personality Disorder is a condition that involves an overall disregard for others. Someone with this disorder may be manipulative, violate the rights of others, showcase an alarming lack of empathy, and will normally act without thinking of potential consequences. Those around them may merely be seen as pawns.

Antidepressants: Antidepressants can help to improve and regulate mood. They should improve motivation and restore energy. SSRI Antidepressants are the most commonly prescribed. They act on the brain chemical serotonin – which is thought to help in regulating mood and emotion. They may include side-effects such as a dry mouth, sexual problems and nausea, though these should hopefully be short-term. Other classes of antidepressants are available in the event of an inadequate reaction.

Antipsychotics: Antipsychotics (also known as neuroleptics) block the effect of dopamine – a chemical in the brain that is heavily linked to psychotic symptoms like hallucinations. They can also be useful for stabilising mood, and treating anxiety. They are not suitable for everyone however, and are often associated with many side effects like weight gain, dizziness and dry mouth.

Anxiety: Anxiety in its simplest form is a feeling of being worried, afraid, or generally tense – usually in anticipation of an imminent event, or a predicted event. Anxiety is a perfectly natural emotion, with the vast majority of people going through periods of anxiety in their life. However, for some people anxiety is a constant problem which can be hugely detrimental to their quality of life. Anxiety can easily impact someone’s ability to live their life as they would hope to. Worrying can sometimes get out of control, making it near-impossible to live life in a healthy way. This typically leads to impairment in several different areas of life. The term ‘Anxiety’ can be applied to a host of mental health conditions, with Generalised Anxiety Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder just two of many conditions.

Arts Therapy: Arts and creative therapy (also known as expressive arts therapy, creative arts therapy, expressive therapies etc) can help people find a way to express their thoughts and feelings in an easier way. This type of therapy involves an individual creating art, an object or piece of music, which can normally be used by a therapist to link to certain problems. Arts therapy can be a good alternative to talking therapy if needed.

Atypical Depression: Atypical Depression involves an individual suffering from persistent feelings of depression for long periods of time. However, a positive event taking place will lead to a temporary improvement in mood for the individual. While someone suffering from other forms of Depression typically will find little enjoyment in formerly enjoyable activities, someone who has Atypical Depression will find temporary happiness from positive event. Other symptoms include an increased appetite, being oversensitive to criticism, and the need to sleep longer.

Avolition: A common symptom of many mental health conditions is avolition. This is where someone may experience a profound reduction or difficulty in starting and persisting with goal-directed behaviour – like getting a job or having a relationship. This is often seen as disinterest. As a result, someone may want to stay inside and away from the world, exhibit erratic sleeping patterns, have a low sex drive, and in general lack motivation.

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder involves an individual feeling the need to avoid food (avoidance), or certain foods (restrictive). The idea of eating can lead to feelings of anxiety. This pattern of food intake will lead to significant weight loss, poor functioning and nutritional deficiency. But unlike Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa, someone with this condition will not be concerned about their weight or body image. This disorder often runs alongside another mental health condition.

Avoidant Personality Disorder: Avoidant Personality Disorder is a condition characterised by overwhelming feelings of anxiety, a fear of rejection from others, and poor self-esteem. A person with this condition may also be very sensitive to criticism from others – owing to their pervasive need for acceptance from others.

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Barbiturates: Barbiturates are a class of sedatives that result in brain functioning decreasing, and a calming effect. Sodium Pentothal is a well-known barbiturate. By decreasing brain functioning, this can lead to an individual freely talking about something which they may often keep withheld, making them useful in the treatment of Dissociative Disorders. 

Benzodiazepines: Benzodiazepines are fast-acting sedatives, which can relax an individual and improve their mood. Any anxiety should fade rapidly upon consumption. The individual should therefore have an improved level of functioning. Benzodiazepines cannot be taken for more than a few weeks, due to acute risk of both physical and psychological dependence.

Bipolar Disorder (once known as Manic Depression): Bipolar Disorder is a serious mental health condition characterised by intense mood swings. Someone with Bipolar Disorder will experience both highs – known as mania, and lows – known as depression. These periods will often last for weeks, and can cause significant distress. Sometimes, Bipolar Disorder can start as Depression, before exacerbating. The depressive periods of Bipolar feature long-term periods of low moods. During the manic phase, an individual will feel happy, energetic and ambitious – and often act recklessly, or exhibit signs of psychosis. There are different sub-types of Bipolar Disorder, based around the differing characteristics of each. Bipolar Disorder is normally a chronic condition. However, with treatment, the symptoms can be controlled far more, which should result in an improvement in quality of life.

Binge-Eating Disorder: A Binge-Eating Disorder involves an individual regularly losing control of their eating – normally evidenced by episodes of significant consumption of food until an individual feels uncomfortably full. In the aftermath of these episodes, feelings of guilt and low mood are common. These episodes are not accompanied by purging – where a person tries to make themselves sick. During the episode however, a person will often feel that they cannot stop themselves from eating. These activities puts an individual at risk of developing poor health.

Bipolar I Disorder: This is the most well-known form of Bipolar Disorder – characterised by periods of mania and normally, depression. Mood swings are therefore extreme, and cause significant distress in life. Suicidal ideation during the depressive phase and psychosis during the manic phase is possible.

Bipolar II Disorder: This form of Bipolar Disorder applies to those who have encountered at least one episode of severe depression, while exhibiting symptoms of hypomania, as opposed to mania. Mood swings are still extreme, and this form of the condition also causes significant distress.

Blunted Affect: Affect refers to the emotions of an individual. Someone with a Schizophrenic spectrum condition will often exhibit a blunted affect. This is where the individual shows little or no emotion, emphasised by a rigid facial expression. This can extend to tone of voice and mannerisms – both of which will tend to be limited. On occasions that seem to provoke happiness in most people, someone with a blunted affect will normally remain unmoved. Moreover, they can sometimes abandon the blunted affect and act inappropriately – such as laughing at a serious matter.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Also known as Body Dysmorphia, this condition is characterised by an individual having intense worries about supposed faults in their appearance. While said faults aren’t normally noticeable to others, they will cause extreme distress to the patient. The individual will commonly go to great measures to try and rectify the apparent problem.

Borderline Personality Disorder (Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder): This is the most well-known personality disorder – being characterised by intense mood swings, unstable relationships and unpredictable behaviour. Someone with this disorder will often fluctuate rapidly between loving or hating someone, or even themselves. They may feel paranoid or depressed. An individual may self-harm due to their impulsive behaviour.

Brief Psychotic Disorder: Brief Psychotic Disorder is a condition characterised by a short-term episode of psychosis, which, following the conclusion of the episode, will see the individual involved return to their normal level of functioning. It is a rare condition, but can cause distress. In many cases, it will be the first sign of a more severe psychotic disorder, but it can also be a one-off experience.

Bulimia Nervosa: Bulimia is characterised by recurrent episodes of an individual losing control over food intake. At first, a person will eat a high amount of food in a short amount of time (binging), before being deliberately sick, or using laxatives to get rid of what they have eaten (purging). To ensure that they don’t gain weight, they may starve themselves between binges. Feelings of depression and anxiety are common. This behaviour puts an individual at risk of poor health.

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Catatonia: In cases that involve catatonia, an individual will normally appear immobile – sometimes not speaking nor moving. The individual will often be in a state of stupor – where they appear near-unconscious. The person will often be mute – offering little in the way of interaction. They often appear agitated, and may make repetitive movements. It is also possible for the other extreme of this behaviour to arise, such as excessive movements and excitement.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): CBT is a type of therapy that is used to treat a range of mental health conditions. CBT involves an individual talking face-to-face with a therapist, although sometimes CBT can be conducted in a group setting. CBT attempts to improve an individual’s wellbeing and mood. The therapy focuses on the link between thoughts, feelings and actions. This can be useful for those with low self-esteem, anxiety, unhelpful personality traits or intrusive thoughts. CBT can help an individual understand their feelings more, and in the long run should lead to an improvement in quality of life.

Clinical Depression (Also Known as Major Depressive Disorder): This is the most common form of Depression. This is where an individual will feel depressed for the majority of a day, for at least a few consecutive weeks. Typical symptoms include the loss of interest and pleasure in normally enjoyable activities, sleep problems, tiredness, and sometimes suicidal ideation.

Community Mental Health Team (CMHT): CMHT’s are a team of mental health professionals that work with those in the community that have severe mental health problems. They can provide more support and intensive treatment for patients under their care.

Cognitive Analytical Therapy (CAT): Cognitive Analytical Therapy provides a form of therapy that combines cognitive and psychoanalytic approaches to mental health. The aim is to instil techniques into an individual that should help improve the symptoms of their condition. There is a very strong focus on the relationship between therapist and client in this type of therapy.

Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Complex PTSD): This form of PTSD is linked to people who have experienced ongoing trauma, as opposed to one singular traumatic event. Their trauma has lasted for an extended time period. Symptoms are similar, with disturbed thoughts or feelings common, as are flashbacks and nightmares. Losing trust in others is a normal reaction for someone with Complex PTSD – which is very difficult to live with.

Compulsions: A compulsion is a repetitive action that the person then carries out to temporarily relieve the anxiety brought on by the obsession. Examples include rituals, checking and reassurance.

Conversion Disorder: Conversion Disorder (also known as Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder) is a condition that involves physical symptoms resembling a nervous system disorder developing. However, no nervous system disorder is present. The pain thus appears as a result of somatisation – with emotional pain being expressed as physical symptoms. Typical symptoms include paralysis, blindness, numbness or convulsions.

Couples Counselling: Also known as relationship counselling, this type of therapy focuses on the dynamics of a couple – and looks to improve areas that need adjusting in their relationship, such as communication, trust and problem-solving. The couple will learn many new skills that should prove useful for their relationship.

Cyclothymia: While viewed as a somewhat milder form of Bipolar Disorder, Cyclothymia is still a serious condition which can have a significant impact on the life of an individual. An individual with Cyclothymia will often have experienced both hypomanic and depressed mood states, but their symptoms aren’t severe enough to be diagnosed with either Bipolar I or Bipolar II. Cyclothymia will sometimes develop into Bipolar Disorder.

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Delusional Disorder: This condition involves an individual having one or more delusions that are present for at least a few weeks. The person will have irrational beliefs, and be steadfast in their belief of the delusion. However, they will not exhibit any other form of psychosis, such as hallucinations. It is a rare disorder, but is sometimes seen.

Delusions: A delusion is where an individual has a belief that they believe steadfastly in, though isn’t true. The person involved will be adamant that their belief is true. In the majority of cases however, they will not be correct. Delusions can take on a wide array of forms. An example of a delusion is paranoia – such as the feeling an individual is being spied on. As such, the delusion can have a marked effect on the day-to-day life of the individual.

Dependent Personality Disorder: Someone with Dependent Personality Disorder will have a pervasive need to be cared for by other people. Typical symptoms include not making decisions, an overriding fear of abandonment, need for reassurance and immaturity. The person may have poor self-esteem – seeing themselves as a weak individual.

Depersonalisation: This refers to the state where someone feels separated from their own body sensations, thoughts, feelings, emotions and behaviour. The person may believe they aren’t connected to their body, and as such, may feel away from reality.

Depersonalisation Disorder (Also known as Derealisation Disorder): Depersonalisation Disorder is the condition where an individual will undergo a period of detachment from either themselves, or their surrounding. The individual may lose sensation of what is happening around them, sometimes believing things around them aren’t real. They may feel they are outside their own body.

Depression: Depression is a serious illness which can have a profound impact on the day-to-day life of someone who suffers from the illness. While the majority of people go through periods of feeling down or unhappy, those who are depressed feel persistently sad or have a low mood for weeks, or perhaps even months. Depression can make life appear pointless, and often leads to suicidal ideation. Depression is a common mental illness, and is usually classed as either mild, moderate or severe. Clinical Depression is the most common form, though there are a range of types, including Postpartum depression and Seasonal Affective depression. The good news is that unlike many mental health conditions, with the right treatment, support and lifestyle, many people with depression will gain full remission.

Derealisation: This is the feeling or sense that what is happening around an individual isn’t real. A person may feel they are in a dream. This can cause an individual to feel alienated from those close to them.

Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT): DBT is a type of therapy that is tailor-made for Borderline Personality Disorder, though can also be useful for many other conditions. The therapy runs on the basis that an individual is emotionally vulnerable, and that the individual grew up in an environment where emotions were dismissed and not treated. These factors cause an individual to feel guilty or ashamed for having upsetting emotions, which leads to more upset. DBT aims to change this system, using a range of techniques to help, with a focus on acceptance and problem-solving.

Disorganised Behaviour: Someone exhibiting disorganised behaviour may act impulsively and unpredictably. A person may behave in a somewhat inappropriate way – having forgotten how a suitable way is to act. For instance, a person may swear loudly in public. Some people believe their movements and actions are being dictated by someone else, leading to their disorganised behaviour.

Disorganised Speech: This is where an individual will struggle with their speech. They may make up words, struggle to concentrate on one topic, repeatedly chant words, or switch between topics rapidly. Sometimes, it can be impossible to understand what the person is saying.

Dissociative Amnesia: Dissociative Amnesia involves an individual having gaps in their memory – often leading to them forgetting information about themselves, or a skill that they have learned. It is possible for someone to be somewhere without knowing how or why they got there. This is the most common dissociative disorder, and is often caused by a traumatic event.

Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Disorders are conditions characterised by problems with memory, perception, identity, behaviour and awareness. There are both physical and psychological symptoms due to the disorders. These conditions can be either short-lived or long-lasting. Regardless of duration, these disorders can cause significant distress and impair the lives of those with the condition in many ways. With the right treatment and support, full recovery is possible.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (Also Known as Multiple Personality Disorder): Dissociative Identity Disorder is characterised by an individual being uncertain about their identity. They will often exhibit other identities – which may have their own name, behaviours and personal history. Gaps in memory will often exist, often as a result of a traumatic event.

Dysthymia (Also Known as Persistent Depressive Disorder): If a patient’s feelings of depression lasts for 2 years or longer, it is referred to as Dysthymia, or Persistent Depressive Disorder. The symptoms of Dysthymia are the same as Clinical depression – but the difference lies in how a Dysthymia sufferer will have persistent depression – while someone with Clinical depression will often have bouts of regular mood between depressive episodes. People with Dysthymia will often suggest they have never been happy, and that they cannot remember a time where they haven’t been depressed.

E

Eating Disorders: An Eating Disorder is a mental disorder that is characterised by abnormal eating habits, and generally, an unhealthy relationship with food. Eating disorders can cause intense mental suffering, and lead to physical health problems. There are several different types of eating disorders – each with their own set of symptoms. t is common for someone with an eating disorder to have a comorbid mental health condition.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): Electroconvulsive Therapy (commonly referred to as shock treatment) is a treatment that sees an electric current sent through the brain of an individual. The aim is to trigger an epileptic seizure, with the ultimate objective to relieve symptoms of a mental health problem. The human body is fully restrained during the procedure, which also involves a general anaesthetic. Electroconvulsive therapy is normally a last resort. Despite this, ECT actually has an impressive efficacy rate, with many people finding it helps immeasurably.

Excoriation Disorder: Excoriation Disorder is characterised by a person having an irresistible urge to pick their own skin. This intense urge will be accompanied by an intense feeling of tension until the individual completes the act. A temporary feeling of relief will normally ensue, although this doesn’t last for long, and so the cycle continues. An individual puts themselves at acute risk of health problems due to their skin picking.

Existential Therapy: A rather unique therapy, Existential Therapy uses the philosophy of existentialism to guide its process. While some therapies are focused on the past, this form of therapy is very much focused on the present day. The therapy gets the individual to learn more about themselves, and has the aim of easing symptoms.

Exposure Therapy: Exposure Therapy – also known as Desensitisation – is commonly used for cases that involve either traumas or phobias. This type of therapy involves an individual being gradually exposed to their fear/trauma. A therapist can help set up a program for this. Over time, the individual will gradually become accustomed to their problem – though this takes time. The eventual aim is to overcome the problem. Relaxation methods may also be taught as part of this therapy.

Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR): While more of a newer treatment, EMDR is an exciting intervention that has helped many people cope with trauma-based conditions. This therapy involves an individual moving their eyes from side-to-side, with the therapist directing their eye movements. During this, the individual recalls their traumatic experience. EMDR is believed to help an individual change how they think about the traumatic event, with the therapist aiming to facilitate change.

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Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another (Munchausen’s Syndrome by Proxy): Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another is a mental health disorder that is characterised by a person acting as if someone in their care has a physical or mental illness. Someone with this condition will fabricate an illness in those under their care – typically a child.

Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen’s Syndrome): Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self is a mental health condition which involves a person acting like they have a physical or mental illness. The person actively feigns their symptoms and will often hurt themselves to cause the symptoms.

Family Therapy: Family therapy is a form of therapy that is delivered with close family members. The therapy can focus on how a person’s actions have caused problems for their wider family. In many cases, the family will be told not to condone nor reward behaviour that is associated with their problematic behaviour. In theory, by seeing the damage their behaviour can cause, this can help the individual change their behaviour.

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Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD): The most common type of anxiety, this disorder encompasses a broad range of symptoms. In general, the symptoms include regular and intense worries about many different areas in life. This is a difficult condition to live with, and can lead to a marked change in behaviour, with avoidance a common response.

Gestalt Therapy: Gestalt Therapy places a large degree of focus on self-awareness, suggesting it is very important in developing potential, and can help with personal growth. Symptoms of mental illness can interrupt this. This form of therapy works on the idea that an individual’s mind, body and soul are all one and interconnected with another at all times. The therapy is focused purely on the present day, and attempts to change how an individual thinks, feels and acts. 

Grief Counselling: Grief Counselling is a form of psychotherapy that aims to help people cope with a loss. The therapy treats multiple facets of grief – such as emotional and physical areas. The therapy will provide an individual with a chance to speak their mind, with feelings of sadness, anxiety, anger, guilt, confusion and numbness all being treated. A wide array of techniques are used to achieve this. The therapy will have the overall aim of helping an individual process the loss in a more positive way, with the aim of improving long-term quality of life.

H

Hallucinations: This is where a person sees or hears something that doesn’t exist outside of their mind. It is also possible to smell, feel or even taste something too while hallucinating. A common hallucination is hearing voices. When someone hears voices, they may believe they are being ordered to do something by the voice, or sometimes the voice may be critical, or abusive. One of the most damaging parts of a hallucination is that the person who is hallucinating believes fully that what they are experiencing is real.

Histrionic Personality Disorder: Histrionic Personality Disorder is characterised by a pattern of attention-seeking behaviour. Someone with this disorder may see the world as their stage, and showcase excessive emotions. They may take particular care in how they look. They may dress in a promiscuous fashion, and act overtly seductive. They may struggle with relationships due to their symptoms.

Hoarding Disorder: This is a condition that is closely related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). It is characterised by an individual struggling to discard possessions, often causing them to excessively hoard items. This often leads to an unhealthy living environment, and often becomes a fire hazard. It also commonly affects an individual’s social life.

Human Givens Therapy: Human Givens Therapy is a rather unusual type of talking therapy, which uses the basis that humans have certain needs (givens) to live comfortably. The suggestion is that when these needs aren’t met, that mental illness will develop. The needs include water, food, sleep, as well as a plethora of emotional needs such as attention, emotional intimacy, sense of status and sense of achievement. When someone is missing a need, a therapist may believe they can lessen the symptoms of their condition – achieved through changing areas of a life. As such, Human Givens Therapy is focused on the present day.

Hypnotherapy: Hypnotherapy is a form of therapy that uses hypnosis in an attempt to treat a condition. Hypnotherapy normally involves an individual being in a deeply relaxed state. The therapy also uses focused attention and concentration to induce a heightened state of awareness. This allows the patient to focus on specific thoughts or factors. Hypnotherapy will commonly involve suggestion therapy, which allows a person to be more inclined to changing behaviours (including pain management). It can also be used to explore causes of a condition or symptom. This may include events that have been hidden in an individual’s unconscious memory.

Hypomania: Hypomania is a mood state that is characterised by feelings of high energy and excitement. Those in a hypomanic state will typically experience heightened disruption in their life, changes in their behaviour, but also potentially a high level of creativity. Hypomania can be a symptom of Bipolar Disorder and Schizoaffective Disorder. Hypomania isn’t as debilitating as Mania, though shares many characteristics.

I

Illness Anxiety Disorder: Illness Anxiety Disorder is a condition characterised by an individual excessively worrying about having a serious illness. The person will typically believe any symptoms, however minor, are a sign of a serious illness. Even after a Doctor has told the person that no illness is present, they persist in their belief. Someone with this disorder will often see their worrying take over their life. Their high level of anxiety causes significant impairment in multiple contexts.

Interpersonal Therapy: Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) is a type of therapy that helps people with mental health problems to address issues with their behaviour towards family, friends and colleagues. It is primarily designed for Depression, but can be used for other conditions too. It revolves around the idea that a person’s mood is impacted by relationships with others, and vice versa. Therefore, by improving a person’s relationships with others, it should ease their psychological suffering. A range of techniques are used to achieve this.

J

Jungian Therapy: Also known as Jungian analysis, this therapy is based on Carl Jung’s theory on the mind. The aim of this therapy is to bring the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind together, which should lead to a more balanced state of mind. It can be used for a variety of conditions. The therapy tries to look at the real person, rather than the person seen by the outside world. The therapist will use different techniques to elicit responses.

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L

Light Therapy: Light therapy is a form of therapy that is best known as a treatment for Seasonal Affective Disorder. It involves an individual sitting in front or near a specially-constructed light box for around 30-60 minutes a day. The light box simulates sunlight, which appears to be crucial in the treatment of SAD. This therapy can help other mental health conditions too.

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Mania: Mania is a mood state that is characterised by a euphoric high. Those in a manic state will typically lose control of their actions, and may take part in impulsive, risky and adventurous behaviour. Mania is a mood state that is best associated with Bipolar Disorder, though it also applies to Schizoaffective Disorder. A manic episode frequently causes significant impairment, and may require hospitalisation in severe cases.

Maudsley Anorexia Treatment: Also known as MANTRA, this is a relatively new treatment type, developed by senior clinicians at the Maudsley Hospital in London. This model of treatment attempts to change the factors that contribute to the condition in the individual. Harmful personality traits can be addressed, with certain goals made for the future. Various behavioural experiments can be made, which can result in changes in eating behaviours. So far, this form of treatment has proved very helpful for many.

Mentalisation-based Therapy (MBT): MBT uses a range of techniques to try and help an individual understand themselves and their thoughts more. Mentalisation itself is the ability for an individual to think about thinking – essentially allowing an individual to examine their own thoughts, and the effect they have. MBT can help an individual understand what goes through the mind of others, as well as making an individual more aware of what happens in their own mind. This form of therapy is useful in various personality disorders.

Mixed Affective Bipolar: Sometimes referred to as Mixed Affective State, this form of Bipolar Disorder sees an individual experience symptoms of both mania and depression simultaneously. This causes substantial distress for an individual. Suicidal behaviour is seen as a risk of this condition – due to the toxic mix of low mood and impulsive behaviour occurring together.

Mood Stabilisers: Mood stabilisers can help level out moods, meaning fewer lows, and fewer euphoric highs are felt. Lithium Carbonate is the best-known mood stabiliser. Others include Lamotrigine and Sodium Valproate, which are anticonvulsant medicines that have mood stabilising properties. These medicines are generally taken on a long-term basis.

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Someone with this disorder will normally see themselves as superior to others, and believe they should receive special treatment. They will require admiration and acceptance from others. They will lack empathy, and have little regard for the feelings of others. They will often manipulate or take advantage of others for their personal gain.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (Anankastic Personality Disorder): An individual with Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder will show a rigid conformity to rules, an innate need for perfectionism, and a need to control circumstances and events. The person will always try to follow set rules. Their preoccupation with rules and perfectionism will often lead to significant impairment in social activities. In instances where they lack control, they will exhibit considerable anxiety. They may also be judgemental, while also being sensitive to criticism.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): This is a debilitating condition that involves an individual having regular obsessions and compulsions. The individual involved will have repetitive thoughts, behaviours or urges. Unfortunately, OCD is a very, very misunderstood condition. It is a very difficult condition to live with, and can disrupt an individual’s life significantly.

Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum: The Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum consists of a range of conditions that share the hallmark of obsessive and compulsive behaviours. An obsession is an unwanted and unpleasant thought, doubt, image or urge that repeatedly enters a person’s mind. A compulsion is a repetitive action that the person then carries out to temporarily relieve the anxiety brought on by the obsession. There are many conditions that fall into this category – with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) the most well-known.

Obsessions: An obsession is an unwanted and unpleasant thought, doubt, image or urge that repeatedly enters a person’s mind. As a result, the person experiences anxiety or general unease. Examples include fear of contamination, and a need to organise items symmetrically.

Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder: This condition is the most commonly diagnosed eating disorder. This is diagnosed when the symptoms of an individual don’t fit into those of other eating disorders. For instance, someone in this category may starve themselves, like someone with anorexia nervosa would, only to be in the normal range of weight, as opposed to being underweight. This condition is no less serious than other eating disorders.

Opioids: Opioids relieve pain. For moderate to severe pain, a mild opioid, such as Codeine, can help relieve physical pain associated with some mental health disorders. In cases of severe pain, a high strength opioid like Tramadol or Hydrocodone can be prescribed, though this is only under certain circumstances.

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Painkillers: For mild to moderate pain, painkillers that can be purchased over the counter can be very effective in subduing the pain. Paracetamol and Ibuprofen are commonly used painkillers.

Panic Disorder: This type of anxiety affects individuals who have regular panic attacks – often without a cause. Panic attacks are very distressing events to go through, and sometimes the fear of having a panic attack only acts to deepen the anxiety of an individual. Understandably, this is a very difficult condition to live with.

Paranoid Personality Disorder: Paranoid Personality disorder is characterised by feelings of paranoia – especially towards others – hypervigilance and a general mistrust of others. An individual with this disorder may find their paranoia has a marked effect on their life. In the vast majority of cases, their suspicions are irrational. They often find it difficult to form meaningful friendships.

Person-centred Therapy: Person-centred therapy is a very logical therapy that puts the entire focus on the person, and looks at what they consciously think about themselves. The idea is that a person can fulfil their full potential, but some negative life experiences can distort this. As a result, a therapist will aim to get the person back on track, realising their self-worth, and hopefully improving their self-image – to the extent where symptoms are alleviated.

Personality Disorder: A Personality Disorder is a condition which involves an individual thinking, behaving, feeling or relating in a very different way from the average person. There are ten different personality disorders, split into three clusters. The clusters are “odd and eccentric”, “dramatic, emotional and erratic’” and “anxious and fearful”. The different disorders vary considerably, and thus the symptoms of each differ too. Those with a personality disorder may find their symptoms cause them distress, and results in them not living their life how they want to.

Phobias: A phobia is a form of anxiety that involves an intense fear that is triggered by either an object or situation. There is no shortage of phobias, with Claustrophobia among the most well-known. Agoraphobia is a well-known condition which people with Anxiety regularly suffer from. Phobias can stop an individual from living their normal day-to-day life.

Pica: Pica refers to the condition where an individual persistently eats non-food material. Typical materials eaten include chalk, ice, metal, or sponges. This can cause serious health issues, including impairment in physical development if conducted during childhood or puberty. Pica is often associated with other mental health conditions.

Postpartum Depression (Also Known as Peripartum Depression or Postnatal Depression): Unlike the majority of other types of Depression, there is a clear cause of Postpartum depression. Women who have given birth, only to develop depressive symptoms in the subsequent weeks, will normally be diagnosed with Postpartum Depression. Equally, men can also suffer from Postpartum Depression. The symptoms in both cases are the same as Clinical Depression, only this illness can only come after the birth of a child – usually within a year of birth.

Postpartum Psychosis: Postpartum Psychosis is a serious condition that affects someone soon after they have given birth. The condition involves the mother showing signs of psychosis, and is a medical emergency. Treatment is available, with the focus being on ensuring the safety of the mother, their child, and the wider family.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): This is an anxiety-based condition that can develop after a person either witnesses or experiences a traumatic event. The person will often relive the trauma through disturbing thoughts or feelings, flashbacks or nightmares. The individual may withdraw from others and avoid visiting certain places. Due to the symptoms, PTSD is a very difficult condition to cope with.

Poverty of Speech: This is where an individual may struggle to speak, or only give short, empty answers to questions. They may struggle to hold down a conversation with someone. The individual may struggle with social skills.

Pregabalin: Pregablin is an anticonvulsant medication used to help those who suffer from Epilepsy. Pregablin is also licensed to treat some forms of anxiety. Pregablin will generally be taken for a long-term period, and can be particularly useful when an individual doesn’t respond well to antidepressants.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Depression (PMDD): This type of Depression involves women who have symptoms of depression at the start of their period. The regular depressive symptoms will normally be accompanied by fatigue, irritability and mood swings. These symptoms however will generally disappear within a few days. However, they will return at the start of the next month, and so the cycle goes on. This can be an ongoing cycle which can last for a considerable length of time, and typically causes functional impairment in many different contexts.

Primarily Obsessional OCD (Pure O): This condition is commonly seen as a subtype of OCD. An individual with this condition will have many obsessions, but few subsequent compulsions. Typical symptoms include excessive rumination, intense intrusive thoughts and a fear of possible actions. There are a range of different intrusive thoughts that may be involved.

Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy: Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy is a talking therapy that aims to help uncover and resolve unconscious beliefs that cause psychiatric conditions. Traumatic experiences that may or may not be buried in the unconscious mind can be highlighted and processed. Psychoanalytical psychotherapy involves talking to a trained therapist. The therapist can show the individual how early memories and past traumas have affected their thinking, behaviour and attitude in the modern day. Psychoanalytical psychotherapy is especially useful for any condition that involves past trauma. Renowned neurologist Sigmund Freud developed this therapy, which is typically completed over a long-term basis.

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic Psychotherapy is a talking therapy that is closely related to Psychoanalytical psychotherapy, though combines more areas into the therapy process. This talking therapy aims to bring to light thoughts and memories in the unconscious mind. It works on the idea that past trauma is pushed to the back of the mind, with the conscious mind neglecting to process them. This may cause long-term problems though, when a person develops defence mechanisms to cope with the issues. This tends to be a shorter-term therapy than others.

Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions: This condition is diagnosed when an individual’s behaviour, attitude or actions have a negative impact on a medical health disorder that the individual has. For instance, someone may ignore a treatment plan, refuse to undergo tests, or dismiss any symptoms as not being present. Someone with this disorder will risk exacerbating their illness, and risks permanent injury or even death. Anxiety and stress are common factors involved.

Psychosis: Psychosis is a very serious mental health problem that causes an individual to see, perceive or interpret things in very different ways to others. The most well-known signs of psychosis are hallucinations and delusions. Those who suffer from psychosis are said to “lose touch” with reality. Psychosis is a very serious problem that can have severe repercussions on both the individual suffering, and those around them. In rare cases, psychosis can be a positive thing – with some suggesting they can hear the voices of dead loved ones. Unfortunately, the majority of people have serious ill health when suffering from symptoms of psychosis. Psychosis itself isn’t a mental health condition, though is a key part of mental health, and plays a role in several conditions where psychotic episodes are common.

Psychotic Depression: Psychotic depression can be a very difficult illness to live with, as it involves all of the symptoms of Clinical depression, along with some symptoms of psychosis. The most common forms of psychosis that would accompany depressive symptoms include hallucinations, delusions or paranoia. This disorder has many similarities with Schizophrenia, though someone suffering from Psychotic depression will typically know their psychotic episodes are not real – while those with Schizophrenia are steadfast in their belief that their symptoms are true.

PTSD & Trauma-based conditions: PTSD and Trauma-based conditions refer to the various conditions that involve traumatic events or memories. They develop due to being involved in or seeing a distressing or frightening event. Whilst Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is the best-known condition in this area, other conditions exist too. These conditions can have a marked impact on an individual’s life. But with the right treatment, recovery is possible.

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Rapid Cycling Bipolar: This form of Bipolar Disorder is characterised by an individual experiencing four or more depressive, manic, hypomanic or mixed episodes within the space of 12 months. Mood can change rapidly – potentially even on the same day. As a result of the symptoms, this form of Bipolar can cause significant distress.

Reality Therapy: Reality Therapy is somewhat controversial, though can be helpful in some cases. Reality therapy suggests that mental distress and general psychological suffering is not down to mental illness. Instead, it is the result of basic psychological needs not being met. These needs are love and belonging, power and achievement, fun, freedom and independence, and survival. This therapy looks for ways to for an individual to meet their needs and become aware of harmful thoughts, with the aim of changing behaviour for the better.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS): Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a type of therapy that can be used to treat an array of mental health conditions. The therapy involves a trained therapist using a magnet in order to apply multiple magnetic pulses to the areas of the brain which are believed to be responsible for the regulation of mood and emotions – called neurotransmitters. In theory, the higher the level of these neurotransmitters, the better mood and emotions become. It is very rarely used as a first line treatment, but if someone has little success in lessening their symptoms with a range of other treatments, then rTMS may be used.

Rumination Disorder: This condition is characterised by an individual repeatedly regurgitating their food after eating. After regurgitating their food, they may swallow the food again, or spit out the food. There is no physical health problem that causes an individual to do this. Rumination Disorder often runs alongside other mental health conditions. This is not the same as rumination.

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Schema Therapy: Schema Therapy is a talking therapy that combines aspects of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy, Gestalt therapy and psychoanalytical thinking into one form. It can be useful in treating personality disorders due to its ability to help people change longstanding patterns of thought and behaviour. The therapy is normally based on the idea that childhood needs were not met, leading to deeply-held obstructive beliefs. The therapist will attempt to change long-standing patterns that have contributed to problems, and can be very useful. Schema therapy is mainly intended for use in the treatment of personality disorders.

Schizoaffective Disorder: Schizoaffective Disorder is severe mental health condition which involves both symptoms of Schizophrenia, along with symptoms associated with a mood disorder, like Depression or the Mania stage of Bipolar Disorder. Symptoms can therefore include hallucinations, delusions, low mood and mania among others. Someone with Schizoaffective Disorder will often have lost touch with reality. Treatment normally involves some form of talking therapy and medication.

Schizoid Personality Disorder: This disorder is characterised by a lack of interest and detachment from social relationships. A Schizoid individual will often be seen as a “loner”. Other symptoms include a lack of drive or motivation in life, and a lack of emotion throughout multiple contexts. They commonly exhibit a rich fantasy world.

Schizophrenia: Schizophrenia is a severe and long-term mental health condition characterised by a range of symptoms, normally revolving around a difficulty in understanding reality, due to changes in the way someone thinks, feels and acts. The condition usually involves a breakdown in the connection between thoughts, emotions and behaviour – leading to psychotic symptoms. While the exact symptoms range from case to case, generally delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech, catatonia, poor concentration and a lack of interest may be displayed. With the right treatment, support and lifestyle, it is possible for symptoms to be controlled more.

Schizophrenic Spectrum: The Schizophrenic Spectrum consists of a few different conditions that are characterised by a range of symptoms. These symptoms normally revolve around a difficulty in understanding reality due to changes in the way someone thinks, feels, or acts. These conditions usually involve a breakdown in the connection between thoughts, emotions and behaviour – often resulting in psychotic symptoms. Treatment is available, and can result in an improvement in quality of life.

Schizophreniform Disorder: This disorder features identical symptoms to Schizophrenia, however these symptoms will not have caused distress for most days in a month, as seen with other Schizophrenia types. For instance, symptoms may have been present for a few weeks, but not caused much functional impairment. Around two-thirds of people with Schizophreniform Disorder go on to develop Schizophrenia. Treatment involves a form of talking therapy and medication.

Shared Psychotic Disorder: Shared Psychotic Disorder is a rare, yet serious condition that involves an individual imposing a delusional belief onto someone else. The person who initially has a delusion will typically have a close relationship with the affected individual – who will begin to follow the same delusion. It is often seen in cases where a couple are socially isolated.

Social Anxiety Disorder: This form of anxiety is applicable when an individual becomes overwhelmingly anxious in social situations. Someone with Social Anxiety Disorder may dread any sort of social situation, making life complicated. Social anxiety disorder is a difficult condition to live with, though treatment is available.

Somatic Disorders: Somatic Disorders are a group of mental health conditions that involve emotional pain being expressed as physical symptoms, which cause significant distress. While the majority of mental health disorders are characterised by psychological symptoms, Somatic disorders instead see emotional pain expressed as physical symptoms. This process is known as Somatization – giving this group of disorders their name. Symptoms of this group of disorders vary considerably across the various Somatic disorders.

Somatic Symptom Disorder: Somatic Symptom Disorder is a condition that involves bodily symptoms such as pain and fatigue. These symptoms however aren’t traceable to a physical cause, and are not attributable to a general health condition. Yet the pain is present, and causes significant distress – leading to functional impairment. This disorder often runs comorbidly with an Anxiety disorder.

Substance Use Disorder: A Substance Use Disorder involves the negative effects caused by long-term or continued use of a substance. Disorders can become more severe as time progresses, with an individual typically become addicted. Substance Use Disorders are also associated with abuse and dependence. Substance Dependence concerns the state that develops following repeated administration of a drug. Substance Abuse refers to the use of a drug in a way that results in harm to the individual consuming it. Typically, an individual will use the drug either in excessive amounts, or through a method that results in harm to them. A Substance Use Disorder results in impairment in multiple areas – including both physical and psychological effects. Treatment will vary, dependent on circumstance and presenting symptoms. There are considered to be ten Substance Use Disorders.

Substance-Related Disorders: Substance-Related Disorders are a category of conditions which involve any form of substance abuse, substance dependence, and disorders that specifically arise from drug abuse. There are two distinct types of Substance-Related Disorders – Substance-Induced Disorders and Substance Use Disorders. Substance-Induced Disorders refers to the immediate effects (e.g. intoxication) or discontinuation (e.g. withdrawal) of substance use. Substance Use Disorders meanwhile involve the negative consequences that arise from continued use of substances – typically involving addiction.

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Therapeutic Communities: Therapeutic Communities are for people with long-standing and complex emotional problems. These communities host groups of people, where individuals will often attend for weeks, and even months in some cases – typically attending a large house. Most therapy is provided in small groups. Patients are taught about interacting with others, and by partaking in group activities, learn the importance of getting on with others. When disagreements arise, the patients in the treatment are entrusted with setting rules to prohibit conflict. The patients also improve social skills by engaging in common behaviour – such as meal preparation. Not everyone is allowed into a Therapeutic Community, with the patients already situated at the community deciding whether or not an individual can enter. Overall, these measures can lead to an improved chance of recovery.

Thought Disorder: Also known as disturbed thoughts – someone who has experienced psychosis will often lose touch with reality. As a result, their thought process can become distorted. They may be unable to focus on anything – losing their concentration easily. During a situation which involves disturbed thoughts, the mind of an individual can become jumbled, leading to confusion. Someone may think slowly, or have a poor memory. The person will generally struggle to match their thoughts, feelings and behaviour together.

Transference-focused Psychotherapy: Transference-focused Psychotherapy is a very structured talking treatment that involves a therapist attempting to identify, analyse and alter unconscious processes. This therapy uses elements from psychoanalysis, and is specifically designed for treating Borderline Personality Disorder. Attempts are made to help an individual understand themselves further, and to change the way someone feels about the world.      

Treatment Resistant Depression (Also Known as Refractory Depression): This form of Depression is only diagnosed once treatments to relieve symptoms of depression have failed to yield a suitable response. Depression is treatable, though sometimes regular treatments don’t work. For someone to be diagnosed with this form of depression, they typically will have tried at least two talking therapies, and at least three medications from a minimum of two classes of antidepressants.

Trichotillomania: Trichotillomania is a condition which involves an individual being unable to resist the urge to pull out their hair. An individual may feel an intense urge to pull out hair, and experience a forceful build-up of tension until they complete the action. After pulling out their hair, an individual may feel a sense of relief – though this is only temporary. Overall, this is a very similar condition to OCD, only that it is limited to hair pulling.

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Unusual motor behaviour: Sometimes, an individual will exhibit unusual motor behaviour – such as pacing up and down, or making the same, repetitive movements. This can also act as a compulsion – similar to those seen in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

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Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Vagus Nerve Stimulation is a relatively new treatment that is mainly intended for epilepsy, though can also be used for treatment-resistant Depression. This form of therapy involves the stimulation of the vagus nerves – a pair of nerves in the body. Electrical impulses are delivered to the nerve, with a stimulator placed under the skin during the procedure – which does involve a small operation. It is unclear if this is effective for Depression, though it remains an option if warranted.

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